Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of the world experience in the training of clinical pharmacists and the study of the readiness and motivation of graduate students and graduates of the last three years of Karaganda Medical University under the bachelor's degree program "pharmacy" for additional training in this specialty. The issues of training qualified clinical pharmacists in the Republic of Kazakhstan are becoming particularly relevant in the light of the need to reform pharmaceutical education, increase the requirements for the quality of pharmaceutical care and the rational use of medicines. To assess the prospects for training clinical pharmacists in Kazakhstan, an analysis of the world experience in training specialists in the field of clinical pharmacy was conducted, as well as a study of the motivation of graduates and graduate students and graduates of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Karaganda Medical University to receive additional education. As the global experience of training clinical pharmacists shows, there is no unified system for training such specialists abroad, however, training in all countries is carried out at the postgraduate level – master's, doctoral or residency programs with mandatory clinical practice or internship in medical organizations. At the same time, special attention in teaching methods is paid to clinical practice, which ensures students' access to patients. At the same time, they are actively involved in the work of an interdisciplinary team of doctors, ensuring participation in patient care, conducting their drug therapy, and teaching patients the principles of rational pharmacotherapy. The results of the study showed that the majority of young specialists are interested in a new specialization, as it can give them experience working in a clinic as part of a team of doctors, and can also contribute to their professional and career growth. They are ready to study at the postgraduate level in a program lasting no more than a year, especially if there is full or partial funding.
References
1. Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2020). Prikaz № QR DSM-305/2020 ot 21 dekabrya 2020 goda «Ob utverzhdenii nomenklatury spetsial’nostei i spetsializatsii v oblasti zdravookhraneniya, nomenklatury i kvalifikatsionnykh kharakteristik dolzhnostei rabotnikov sistemy zdravookhraneniya» [Order No. QR DSM-305/2020 dated December 21, 2020, On approval of the nomenclature of specialties and specializations in the field of healthcare, the nomenclature and qualification characteristics of positions of healthcare system employees]. https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2000021856
2. Alabkal, R. M., Medlinskiene, K., Silcock, J., & Graham, A. (2022). Impact of pharmacist-led interventions to improve clinical outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes at risk of developing cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacy Practice, 36(4), 888–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900211064459
3. American College of Clinical Pharmacy. (2023). Standards of practice for clinical pharmacists. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 6(10), 1156–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1873
4. Bawazeer, G. A., Alqifari, S. F., Alkhudair, N. A., Aldemerdash, A. F., & Aljuffali, L. A. (2025). The 2024 Saudi Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit: A modified Delphi study. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 583. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07129-3
5. Bragazzi, N. L. (2019). Pharmacists as immunizers: The role of pharmacies in promoting immunization campaigns and counteracting vaccine hesitancy. Pharmacy, 7(4), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040166
6. Busque, G., Lail, S., Dewhurst, N., & Halapy, H. (2024). Describing and evaluating the clinical pharmacist's role in a Canadian multiple sclerosis clinic. Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 77(3), e3555. https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.3555
7. Cisneros, R. M., Parnapy, S., Kendall, D. A., et al. (2013). International practice experiences in pharmacy education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77, 188.
8. Ibrahim, K. H., Gunderson, B., & Rotschafer, J. C. (2001). Intensive care unit antimicrobial resistance and the role of the pharmacist. Critical Care Medicine, 29, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200104001-00010
9. Frisk, P., Holtendal, C., Bastholm-Rahmner, P., & Kälvemark Sporrong, S. (2019). Competence, competition and collaboration: Perceived challenges among Swedish community pharmacists engaging in pharmaceutical services provision and research. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 27(4), 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12518
10. Hammond, A., Porter, R., Lynch, K. E., Cason, T. H., & Passaretti, P. (2024). Impact of emergency medicine clinical pharmacist practitioner-driven sepsis antibiotic interventions. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 76, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2023.11.012
11. Hassali, M. A., & Hashmi, F. K., et al. (2016). Defining clinical pharmacy: A new paradigm. The Pharmaceutical Journal, 297(7894). https://doi.org/10.1211/PJ.2016.20201798
12. Hayes, S. M., Moore, D. C., Droney, M., et al. (2024). Professional and career development needs of clinical pharmacists in settings outside academia. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 7(4), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1940
13. Huerta-Olvera, S. G., Haack, S., Navarro-Ruíz, A., & Nguyen, P. V.-Q. B. (2022). Comparison of professional pharmacy degrees and health systems in United States, Canada, Spain and Mexico. Revista OFIL·ILAPHAR, 32(1), 78–82. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1699-714X20220001000014
14. Elefritz, J. L., Arnold, J., Phelps, M., & Smetana, K. S. (2022). Development of a critical care pharmacist career coaching and professional development program at an academic medical center. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1713
15. Lat, I., Paciullo, C., Daley, M. J., et al. (2020). Position paper on critical care pharmacy services (executive summary): 2020 update. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 77, 1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.12Th91.13
16. Lee, H., Ryu, K., Sohn, Y., Kim, J., Suh, G. Y., & Kim, E. (2019). Impact on patient outcomes of pharmacist participation in multidisciplinary critical care teams. Critical Care Medicine, 47(9), 1243–1250. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003830
17. Li, J., Xiao, C., Hou, J., et al. (2023). Clinical pharmacy undergraduate education in China: A comparative analysis based on ten universities’ training programs. BMC Medical Education, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04049-y
18. MacLaren, R., Bond, C. A., Martin, S. J., & Fike, D. (2008). Clinical and economic outcomes of involving pharmacists in the direct care of critically ill patients with infections. Critical Care Medicine, 36(12), 3184–3189. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818f2269
19. Mourad, N. A., Gálvez-Peralta, M., Brown, C. B., Hanif, A., & Ham, A. L. (2025). A call for clarity: A proposed toolkit to integrate foundational sciences into pharmacy curricula. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 89(1), 101340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.101340
20. Moussavi, K., & Nikitenko, V. (2016). Pharmacist impact on time to antibiotic administration in patients with sepsis in an ED. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 34(11), 2117–2121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.07.031
21. Ozdemir, N., Aktas, B. Y., Gulmez, A., Inkaya, A. C., Bayraktar-Ekincioglu, A., & Kilickap, S. (2023). Impact of pharmacist-led educational intervention on pneumococcal vaccination rates in cancer patients: A randomized controlled study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 31(3), 194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-07652-3
22. Ranchon, F., Chanoine, S., et al. (2024). Pharmacy education and clinical pharmacy training in France. Pharmacy, 12(6), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060161
23. Rose, A. J., Witt, D., Azran, C., et al. (2021). Seven key parameters that facilitate clinical pharmacy practice: A comparison between Israel and the United States. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 10,37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-021-00476-8
24. Shapiro, N. L., Lin, H.-W., & Lau, A. H. (2020). Creation and delivery of a clinical pharmacy practice and education program for international participants in the United States. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1281
25. Yi, Z.-M., Zhou, L.-Y., Yang, L., Yang, L., Liu, W., & Zhao, R.-S. (2020). Effect of the international pharmacy education programs. Medicine, 99(27), e20945. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020945
